A new furnace is a significant purchase, usually one costing homeowners thousands of dollars. Replacing it can be a huge expense, so it's worth it for homeowners to look at the type of warranty offered by their HVAC manufacturer.
In a gas furnace, the heat exchanger is one of the most critical elements. It is usually made from some type of aluminum or stainless steel and is used to separate the air pumped into your home from the gasses used to heat it. A cracked or damaged heat exchanger can be an extremely dangerous thing, allowing harmful carbon monoxide to mix with the hair that is pumped into your m home.
Since heat exchangers are such a critical component of your HVAC system, they typically come with the longest warranties. Many companies offer lifetime warranties. Some companies promise to replace a cracked unit, while others will replace your whole furnace. This can save you hundreds, or even thousands of dollars, and allow you to upgrade to newer technology if your heat exchanger fails years from now.
But while a lifetime warranty can sound great, it is important to know the benefits and the limitations of the warranties on your heat exchanger.
Most companies will offer you a conditional lifetime warranty on heat exchangers. Usually this requires that the heat exchanger has been installed in a residential location that is still owned and lived in by the person who originally purchased the furnace. So if you move into a home where the existing furnace has a lifetime warranty, it was likely voided when the original owner moved out.
The warranty is also voided even if you take your furnace with you to a new home, since most warranties require the furnace to be in its original location. Your warranty might also be void if you rent out your home.
As well, most lifetime warranties on heat exchangers are only good if you register your furnace with the company within a certain time period after purchasing it - usually 60 to 90 days. Sometimes, you have to show proof of purchase for your warranty to be honoured, even if it's years since you had it installed.
It's worth reading the small print on most warranties for heat exchangers. Some companies promise to replace cracked exchangers with the same original parts, while others promise only an equivalent part.
One way to make your warranty last longer is to buy an extended warranty with your new furnace, one that covers labour not just parts. Labour costs can be expensive, sometimes eclipsing the cost of the replacement parts.
The best is an extended factory warranty from the manufacturer, which allows you to choose the contractor of your choice to do the work. However, contractors and third-parties offer their own extended warranties, which can also protect you and your wallet from the headache of shelling out for a new heat exchanger.
Thursday, 30 April 2015
Sunday, 26 April 2015
What is an Oil Cooler?
An oil cooler is essentially any device or machine intended to cool oil, but in most instances people talk about it in the context of cars, trucks, and sometimes airplanes. In these settings the cooler basically acts as a small radiator that helps keep an engine cool by keeping the oil supply at a consistent temperature. Cooled oil helps keep the engine running smoothly, particularly during gear changes in very hot weather or on long-haul trips when things might otherwise have a tendency to overheat and break down. Not all cars and trucks use oil as a coolant, but those that do really depend on a working cooler in order to get good efficiency and performance.
Main Purpose
Automotive engines tend to be somewhat complex, and usually depend on a series of different combustions, heat sources, and temperature regulators in order to function properly. Oil coolers are most common in heavy-duty machinery that has a more industrial-grade engine. Trucks used to haul freight and large vehicles designed for off-roading are two common examples; some recreational vehicles (RVs) and airplanes have them, too, and they may even be found in certain motorcycle models. Race car drivers sometimes add them to sports cars to make them more efficient, too, and to improve their fuel combustion times.
A transmission oil cooler is often considered essential in high-strain situations because a transmission's lubricating fluid heats up with each gear change. While not crucial for highway driving when vehicles more or less stay within a few gears, transmission coolers can markedly improve the performance and longevity of transmissions that are subjected to a great deal of stress. Overheated transmission oil can lead to slower gear shifts, worn seals, lower mileage, and, ultimately, premature failure.
Even though the main job is to cool and lubricate the engine, this part can also act as an important coolant for a number of other parts. A motor's bottom end, which includes parts such as the crankshaft, bearings, camshaft, rods, and pistons, is also cooled only by engine oil, for instance, and this cooling can impact overall performance just as much as it could in the engine itself.
Types
Engine oil cooler design can generally be split into two types. Tube and fin models are the first, and are designed so that oil circulates through cooler lines that surround the engine. As the oil moves away from the heat of the central engine, its temperature drops and excess heat is funneled out by fin-like vents attached to the tops or sides. Stacked-plate designs, by contrast, force oil through a series of metal plates. Heat dissipates as air moves across the plates, and the oil cools faster when it has greater surface area and is shallower, too.
Plated models are often slightly less effective at cooling oil than their tube and fin counterparts since they’re more passive, basically waiting for cooling to happen on its own. A lot of this depends on the application, though. In some settings, stacked plate coolers make more sense.
How They Work
In a stock setup, transmission fluid is cooled as its collected heat transfers to the colder engine coolant that surrounds it. Coolers usually work best when mounted in front of a stock radiator since this is where it can often get the most unobstructed source of cool air. This, in turn, allows much cooler fluid to return back to the transmission case.
While a majority of cars are not manufactured with proprietary engine oil coolers, there is a large aftermarket for them in many places, and they are common accessories in vehicles involved in towing and other heavy-duty applications. People can buy oil cooling kits to upgrade their vehicles themselves, though this usually requires a bit of expertise. Many professional shops will also install these for people looking for ways to make their machines more efficient.
Common Problems
The optimum temperature for oil is usually between 180° and 200°F (82° and 93°C). Failures start to occur when oil cannot dissipate its collected heat fast enough and rises past this threshold, which can begin to degrade the oil. Oil loses its lubricating, as well as its cooling, properties when it starts to break down, and this can lead to a number of serious engine and transmission problems. Coolers should usually be inspected fairly regularly to keep them in good working order, and owners should take care to regularly inspect and service them to avoid major failures.
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Thursday, 23 April 2015
Intro to Enginemates Heat Transfer
We at Enginemates Heat Transfer , have been providing comprehensive and customized heat transfer solution for design and manufacture of Air Cooled Coolers specific to customer requirements and satisfaction for over 3 decades.
We manufacture a large variety of air cooled coolers to cool different mediums like Oil, Water, Air, Gas and Hydrocarbons. The heat exchanger manufactured by us are of different sizes and using variety of materials like copper, steel, brass and aluminum. All these air cooled coolers are custom designed as per customer specification for heat transfer and size.
We have been manufacturing air cooled coolers for over 3 decades now. We have 5 manufacturing plants in India ; 2 in Mumbai, 2 in Pondicherry and 1 in Dharward , Karnataka.
Our heat transfer solution are comprehensive which normally includes a combination of cooler and radiator assembly complete with axial fans and structures. We are also an Active Member of Heat Transfer Research Inc. (HTRI) and hold U Stamp, R Stamp. and TUV certifications.
Our customer depends on us for the complete heat transfer solution. As a part of our service we provide along with heat transfer, the mechanical and structural design also which are critical for larger installations.
Products & Services
Enginemates Heat Transfer Pvt Ltd caters to various industrial sectors like refineries, petrochemical plants, power plants etc. Enginemates has excelled in the domain of offering complete heat transferring solutions. Our immaculate range of products includes Air Fin Cooler, Air Cooled Heat Exchangers, Fin-fan Cooler, Wire Wound Oil Cooler/Intercoolers, High Integrity Radiators, Aluminum Brazed Cooler, Oil Cooler Assembly, Coal Bed Methane Cooler, Compressed Gas Cooler, Quench Cooler, Acoustic Enclosures, Console Panel, Process Coolers, Engine Radiators, Hydraulic Fuel Tank, Aluminum Finned Tubes,Stainless Steel Air Fin Cooler, Plug Air Cooler, Compressor Gas Cooler and Radiator Assembly.
Enginemates uses high grade raw materials to manufacture the products including Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel and Aluminum. Each product is customized giving individual attention to each customer's requirements.
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We manufacture a large variety of air cooled coolers to cool different mediums like Oil, Water, Air, Gas and Hydrocarbons. The heat exchanger manufactured by us are of different sizes and using variety of materials like copper, steel, brass and aluminum. All these air cooled coolers are custom designed as per customer specification for heat transfer and size.
We have been manufacturing air cooled coolers for over 3 decades now. We have 5 manufacturing plants in India ; 2 in Mumbai, 2 in Pondicherry and 1 in Dharward , Karnataka.
Our heat transfer solution are comprehensive which normally includes a combination of cooler and radiator assembly complete with axial fans and structures. We are also an Active Member of Heat Transfer Research Inc. (HTRI) and hold U Stamp, R Stamp. and TUV certifications.
Our customer depends on us for the complete heat transfer solution. As a part of our service we provide along with heat transfer, the mechanical and structural design also which are critical for larger installations.
Products & Services
Enginemates Heat Transfer Pvt Ltd caters to various industrial sectors like refineries, petrochemical plants, power plants etc. Enginemates has excelled in the domain of offering complete heat transferring solutions. Our immaculate range of products includes Air Fin Cooler, Air Cooled Heat Exchangers, Fin-fan Cooler, Wire Wound Oil Cooler/Intercoolers, High Integrity Radiators, Aluminum Brazed Cooler, Oil Cooler Assembly, Coal Bed Methane Cooler, Compressed Gas Cooler, Quench Cooler, Acoustic Enclosures, Console Panel, Process Coolers, Engine Radiators, Hydraulic Fuel Tank, Aluminum Finned Tubes,Stainless Steel Air Fin Cooler, Plug Air Cooler, Compressor Gas Cooler and Radiator Assembly.
Enginemates uses high grade raw materials to manufacture the products including Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel and Aluminum. Each product is customized giving individual attention to each customer's requirements.
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Intro to OceanMaster Engineering Pte Ltd
OceanMaster Engineering Pte Ltd is a well-established (since 1989) ship repair and general engineering company based in Singapore, certified ISO 9001 and OHSAS 18001. We provide full range of engineering and repair services to merchant ships, oil rigs and other offshore vessels, such as emergency afloat repairs, riding squad services, wharf-side repair, dry-docking repair and fabrication of accommodation modules. We specialize in the field of Marine refrigeration and air-conditioning works and we carry a large stock of new and reconditioned refrigeration compressors and spare parts. We offer the "Compressor Exchange Program" to help our customers to save time and money under any emergency circumstances. Throughout the long establishment of OceanMaster Engineering, the company has earned a strong reputation in the Marine and Offshore Industry with our total commitment to Customer Satisfaction. We are committed to provide our clients with the capabilities of Engineering Design, Fabrication, Installation, Commissioning and Preventive Maintenance services. Our years of sound management and good business reputation in the industry have enabled us to establish a comprehensive network of reputable suppliers and specialized service professionals as part of our customer service resources.
Manpower Capabilities
The company employs over 150 employees; 1/3 of it comprises of administrative and supportive role, while the other 2/3 are the production personnel to carry out the production duties of various trade. Our service teams are well trained and experienced in handling various types of marine vessels, FPSOS and offshore rigs and platforms. Our office, workshop, storage and warehousing comprise of a total area of more than 70,000 square feet. Our workshop facilities are well equipped with all necessary machineries and equipment to cater to various types of marine services requirements. We have vast experiences and advance technologies to convert the refrigeration system from the use of Ozone harmful refrigerant to Ozone friendly refrigerant which makes us stand out in our industry.
Auxiliaries Facilities
Our workshop facilities are well equipped with all necessary machineries to cater various ship repair requirements.
Special tools and equipment for electrical, refrigeration and air-conditioning repair works.
Available a fleet of workboats and sea service launches for work at sea. We have vast experience with advanced technologies to convert the refrigeration system from the use of the Ozone harmful refrigerant to Ozone friendly refrigerant.
Our RHVAC specialization includes:
Complete Marine RHVAC Turnkey Project Management which includes
- Engineering Design of RHVAC systems in accordance to CLASS society regulations
- Procurement and fabrication of RHVAC equipment
- Installation and commissioning of RHVAC equipment
- Provision of test report and instruction/spare parts' manuals upon completion of job
Upgrading, Repair & Maintenance of refrigeration and air conditioning system.
- Inspection and analysis of existing system. Provision of load calculations, drawings and proposal report.
- Upgrading of ducting system c/w rectangular duct, spiral duct, insulation, air diffuser, air grille, air louver, volume control damper, fire damper, etc.
- Supply and installation of air/water cooled condensing unit, air handling unit, fan coil unit, package unit and other equipment.
- Construction of new refrigeration cold-room plant including insulated panel, shelving, air/water cooled condensing unit and unit cooler.
- Replacement of condensing coil, heating coil and evaporating coil.
- Retrofit and conversion of refrigeration and air conditioning plant from ozone hazardous (CFC) to ozone friendly (HFC) refrigerant.
- Overhauling of Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Compressor
- Fabrication and repair of Heat Exchanger
- Supply and installation of Heating System
- Supply and installation of Humidifier & Dehumidifier System
Upgrading, Repair & Maintenance of Mechanical Ventilation System
- Inspection and analysis of existing system. Provision of load calculations, drawings and proposal report.
- Supply and installation of ventilation system for accommodation space and machinery space include ventilation fan, silencer, damper, air louver, ventilator and steel duct.
- Robotic Air Duct Cleaning
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Intro to WeeSeng HVAC Technology Pte Ltd
Weeseng HVAC Technology Pte Ltd was incorporated in 1994 and is currently a leading manufacturer of industrial Water Chiller, Cooling Equipment, Heat Exchanger Process, Air Dehumidifier, Oil Cooler and Low Temperature Brine Chiller Application Products.
We have attained ISO 9001-2008 Quality certificate in the year 2001.
We are also the authorised agent and distributor of Taibong Gasket Type Plate Heat Exchangers and Kaori Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers; Marine Water-Cooled Condensers and also distributors of various Refrigeration Components, etc.
Weeseng HVAC Technology Pte Ltd is created to allow the user to build a custom tailored chiller. The chiller is applied with air cooler /water-cooled condensers designated to suit both commercial and industrial application.
The Chiller is compact and requires the minimum installation floor space. With a condensing unit, heat exchanger, water pump, tank and all the electrical and refrigeration components housed in one box panel as an integral part for easy control and maintenance.
Available in several capacities over a wide range of operations.
57, Senang Crescent, Singapore 416624
6858 5545
6858 5595
sales@weeseng.com
weeshvac@singnet.com.sg
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We have attained ISO 9001-2008 Quality certificate in the year 2001.
We are also the authorised agent and distributor of Taibong Gasket Type Plate Heat Exchangers and Kaori Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers; Marine Water-Cooled Condensers and also distributors of various Refrigeration Components, etc.
Weeseng HVAC Technology Pte Ltd is created to allow the user to build a custom tailored chiller. The chiller is applied with air cooler /water-cooled condensers designated to suit both commercial and industrial application.
The Chiller is compact and requires the minimum installation floor space. With a condensing unit, heat exchanger, water pump, tank and all the electrical and refrigeration components housed in one box panel as an integral part for easy control and maintenance.
Available in several capacities over a wide range of operations.
57, Senang Crescent, Singapore 416624
6858 5545
6858 5595
sales@weeseng.com
weeshvac@singnet.com.sg
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Intro to MAXCOOL INDUTRIES
MAXCOOL INDUTRIES was established in 2004, is a Singapore based air cooler supplier. We provide rental, sales, installation and maintenance of air cooler for commercial and industrial sectors. Air cooler can be used both outdoor and indoor venues, special effect in cooling open area, where air conditioner would be impossible to operate in open area.
Today our business has steadily expanded and increased a variety of diverse cooling systems such as portable air-con, misting systems to satisfy any cooling requirements in evolving market.
We are committed to provide quality products and services to our customers at competitive prices. Our mission is to bring a cleaner and healthier cooling solution to marketplace.
Location:
Head Office
No. 8 Kaki Bukit Avenue 4, #03-54 Premier@ Kaki Bukit, Singapore 415875
Warehouse
No. 1 Tampines Street 85,
Singapore 528700
Contact:
Tel: (+65) 6288 3038
Fax: (+65) 6383 0318
URL : http://www.maxcool.com.sg/
Email:
enquiry@maxcool.com.sg
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Intro to Chevon International (S) Pte Ltd
We specialize in Charge Air Cooler Servicing, Repair & New Fabrication; offering you a one-stop solution in the shortest possible time, (this is a benefit of Chevon International having all the machineries and facilities along with ample stock of high quality raw materials e.g. Copper, Naval Brass, Aluminum Brass stored in our workshop) However we will not sacrifice quality in order to meet the stringent delivery dateline, even while offering you the most reasonable pricing. Our ability to deliver the quality products will significantly reduce the risk of experiencing downtime operations, giving our valued global clients peace of mind knowing that their charge air coolers are properly serviced and supplied by us. Our high technology facilities along with our experienced heat exchanger specialists and effective QC Department attest to above claims.
Our Abilities:
Our Abilities:
- Removal & Refitting Onboard at all Shipyards and Anchorages locally.
- Ultrasonic Cleaning.
- Clearing of Choked Tubes.
- Repair of Charge Air Coolers e.g. re-use of tube plate.
- Hydrostatic Testing with In-House Test Certificate in accordance with ISO procedures provided.
- Riding Crew for onboard troubleshooting.
- Re-Engineering & Configurations of ALL Types Air Coolers.
- Complete Fabrication of ALL Types Air Coolers INCLUDING End Covers.
About Chevon:
Established in 1994, Chevon International (S) Pte Ltd is a leading manufacturer of a diverse range of Cooling Equipment, serving the Industrial Power Generation, Marine as well as the Oil & Gas sectors. Supported by 500 employees and a manufacturing space in excess of 90,000 square meters in 5 factories across 3 countries, CHEVON supplies to customers over 22 countries around the world.
With technology originating from Germany and USA, and over 2 decades of experience and expertise in Design and Manufacturing gained in the heat transfer industry, CHEVON's products include radiators, heat exchangers, pressure vessels, plate heat exchangers, charged air coolers, water and oil coolers, air-con coils, condensers, chillers, axial & ventilation fans, fi ns & tubes, radiator cores and block heaters. These are used in industries such as power generation, oil & gas, marine & offshore, locomotive, automotive, building & construction, pharmaceutical and air-conditioning.
CHEVON applies the same care, diligence and professionalism in design and manufacturing of heat exchanger to its service and repair business. Our comprehensive and effective suite of service and repair facilities, equipment and ready-stock of supplies, complemented by a well-trained, qualified and dedicated service and repair crew, enables us to conduct cleaning, servicing, designing, re-conditioning, re-engineering and fabrication of a wide range of heat exchangers that consistently satisfies our customers.
As an ISO 9001 Quality Management System certified company, CHEVON is committed to quality and improvement. CHEVON continually develops and trains its employees, innovate its products to better performance, invest in superior machinery, meet quality standards and on-time delivery requirements in order to provide the best products and services and keep our customers satisfied.
Contact Chavon:
Singapore
Chevon International (S) Pte Ltd
30 Tuas Ave 4, Singapore 639380
Tel: (65) 6861 1812
Fax: (65) 6861 1443
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Tuesday, 14 April 2015
For Starting F.W. Generator On Ships
Fresh water is an important commodity on board ships, especially on long sea voyages. Hence the procedure for starting the fresh water generator on ships should be familiar to the senior watch-keeping engineer as they need to be started as soon as the ship enters open sea.
As a ship normally sails on long voyages, certainly drinking water is one of the most vital elements required on board. If you are thinking that this should not be a problem since the oceans contains unlimited water, read this article on the effects of drinking sea water and especially imagine the condition in areas such as the Dead Sea. Hence a provision for converting salt water to fresh water exists on ships, and the machine is known as the fresh water generator.
As a ship normally sails on long voyages, certainly drinking water is one of the most vital elements required on board. If you are thinking that this should not be a problem since the oceans contains unlimited water, read this article on the effects of drinking sea water and especially imagine the condition in areas such as the Dead Sea. Hence a provision for converting salt water to fresh water exists on ships, and the machine is known as the fresh water generator.
We have learned about the fresh water generator and its working in our previous articles, but it is a different thing to know how and when to start these water generators on a ship.
When I was a ships engineer many years ago, we had evaporators that used steam coils to heat and evaporate the seawater before it was cooled and processed to distilled water. In those days of large water-tube boilers supplying superheated steam to the main turbine, a lot of distilled water was required to make-up the boiler feed water. Today’s motor ships require much less water than the older steamships, but water is still required for drinking and domestic use.
The modern equipment we use for this is examined in the following sections; here we will see the methods and sequence involved in start-up the various components, as well as when it is safe to run the generators. The first section deals with the regulations regarding the safe processing of drinking water from seawater.
Regulations Regarding Safe Production of Drinking Water from Seawater
Current marine regulations regarding seawater distillation using a fresh water generator stipulate;- The Fresh Water generator can only be started when the ship is 12 nautical miles away from the nearest coastline.
- The engine must be running at full sea speed at start of passage as advised from the bridge.
This will ensure all the main engine temperature and pressure parameters are normal, main engine is on sea speed and not in congested waters and all maneuvering completed.Start-Up Procedures
The fresh water generator should be fired up once the above regulations and requisites have been achieved; using the guidelines listed below.A sketch showing the various components is shown below and can be referred to when reading the guidelines.1. Check the jacket cooling water temperature outlet from the main engine - it should be constant2. Open both the ejector pump suction valve and the overboard discharge valves.3. Close the vacuum breaker valve4. Open main sea water feed inlet valve inlet and discharge valves to and from the generator condenser; (the seawater can also be supplied from a stand-by sea water pump; if this is to be used instead, open the pump main inlet and discharge valves and start the pump)5. Check salinometer (salinity indicator) and distillate pump operation6. Start the ejector seawater pump and maintain the pressure of 5kg/cm2 or higher7. Check that the vacuum inside the shell is slowly rising as the ejector removes the air from the unit.8. When the vacuum gauge reading reaches about 17mm of mercury, slowly open the seawater feed to heating tubes.9. Check the seawater level inside the shell through the sight glass and adjust this water level using the feed inlet valve.10. Once the heating coils have been covered with seawater; open the jacket water inlet valve slowly to the full open position whilst throttling back the jacket water outlet valve.11. The effect of the jacket cooling water circulating through the heating tubes causes the shell vacuum to drop, its temperature to rise and feed water level to fall.12. When all the above is stabilized and running normally; the seawater starts evaporating and steam can be observed rising up through the demister units to be condensed by the condenser coils.13. Once condensed, the fresh water droplets fall downwards to be collected in the plate collector tray. This can be witnessed through the sight glass14. When the gauge glass level on the plate collector is more than ¾ full, put the salinity indicator to 'ON' position.15. Divert the processed water to the bilges or return it to the feed system again till the salinity level comes to the required set value of 5-10 ppm (Parts per million)16. When the salinity level comes to set value, open the discharge valve of distillate pump to the fresh water tank through the flow meter and start the pump17. The evaporation rate can be increased by throttling the jacket cooling water return outlet18. Check for the tank vacuum has stabilized.19. Observe the following gauge readings on a regular basis;- Inlet and outlet temperature of jacket cooling water
- Condenser sea water inlet and out let temperature
- Feed water level inside the shell
- Distillate level
Notes:- The salinometer is designed to alarm, automatically shutting the freshwater discharge valve to the storage tank, and dumping the distillate to bilge when maximum salinity is exceeded. It is always best to check the diverter valves are all operating as these can stick due to heat/coating of salts.
- The distillate level in gauge glass should be monitored and always maintained at half gauge glass level when the distillate pump is running
- Remember to check the main engine jacket water cooling temperatures once the freshwater generator has settled down.
What is a Fireplace Heat Exchanger?
A furnace centrally heats most homes today so their
fireplace does not need to be the main heat source. If more heat output is
required then homeowners should look at a fireplace with a fireplace heat
exchanger or glass front. These allow more heat into the room based on their
design.
A fireplace heat exchanger can be for either a wood burning
or gas fireplace. The United States Department of Energy indicates that by
using an exchanger you can increase the overall heating performance of the
fireplace by five to ten percent. They recommend that this feature be added
during the initial installment of the fireplace, but not all contractors agree
with this statement.
A fireplace heat exchanger uses a fan to heat the air by
pushing it through hot tubes. The tubes then allow the heated air to continue
to circulate rather than relying on the process of natural convection. It is
important that the exchangers be cleaned frequently because soot accumulates in
the tubes. This accumulation will affect the performance of them.
Another term for a fireplace heat exchanger is a blower. The
heat exchanging tubes wrap around the fire. The blower will draw the room air
in and then returns the fire heated air back into the room. This apparatus will
fit into the existing fireplace and if needed can be adjusted by using a trim
kit so that it fits properly. If you do not know whether you need a chimney
liner for the exchanger then consult your local building codes accordingly.
As mentioned earlier, both gas and wood fireplaces can use a
fireplace heat exchanger. The natural gas style fireplace circulates heat by
convection and radiation. Radiant heat transfer heat to solid objects but not
the air around you. When referring to solid objects, that means anything such
as people, walls and furniture as well. Radiant heat allows you to feel warm
but the air around might not feel warm. Therefore, the hotter your fireplace
gets, the more radiant heat will circulate.
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